Read that f… RFC 1421 : Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail

and follow those precious links :

https://lapo.it/asn1js
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/seccertenroll/about-encoded-length-and-value-bytes
http://javadoc.iaik.tugraz.at/iaik_jce/current/iaik/x509/PublicKeyInfo.html
https://medium.com/@bn121rajesh/understanding-rsa-public-key-70d900b1033c

# Generate 1024 bit Private key
$ openssl genrsa -out myprivate.pem 1024
# Separate the public part from the Private key file.
$ openssl rsa -in myprivate.pem -pubout > mypublic.pem
# Display the contents of private key
$ cat myprivate.pem

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)

Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) is a Base64 encoded Distinguished Encoding Rules(DER)
PEM file is human readable as it uses 64 printable characters for encoding.
It is easy to share PEM file.

Display the contents of public key PEM file

# Display the contents of public key PEM file
$ cat mypublic.pem

-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDRFNU++93aEvz3cV8LSUP9ib3i
UxT7SufdVXcgVFK9M3BYzvroA1uO/parFOJABTkNhTPPP/6mjrU2CPEZJ1zIkpaS
NJrrhpp/rNMO9nyLYPGs9MfdBiWUPmHW5mY1oD0ye4my0tEsHOlgHC8AhA8OtiHr
6IY0agXmH/y5YmSWbwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----

Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER) format of public key

DER is encoded in Type-Length-Value (TLV) format.
DER is in binary format for PEM file and follows certain structure for public key.

# Convert PEM file to DER format using openssl rsa
$ openssl rsa -pubin -inform PEM -in mypublic.pem -outform DER -out mypublic.der
# Dump the DER file in hex format.
$ xxd -g 1 -u mypublic.der | cut -c -57
00000000: 30 81 9F 30 0D 06 09 2A 86 48 86 F7 0D 01 01 01
00000010: 05 00 03 81 8D 00 30 81 89 02 81 81 00 D1 14 D5
00000020: 3E FB DD DA 12 FC F7 71 5F 0B 49 43 FD 89 BD E2
00000030: 53 14 FB 4A E7 DD 55 77 20 54 52 BD 33 70 58 CE
00000040: FA E8 03 5B 8E FE 96 AB 14 E2 40 05 39 0D 85 33
00000050: CF 3F FE A6 8E B5 36 08 F1 19 27 5C C8 92 96 92
00000060: 34 9A EB 86 9A 7F AC D3 0E F6 7C 8B 60 F1 AC F4
00000070: C7 DD 06 25 94 3E 61 D6 E6 66 35 A0 3D 32 7B 89
00000080: B2 D2 D1 2C 1C E9 60 1C 2F 00 84 0F 0E B6 21 EB
00000090: E8 86 34 6A 05 E6 1F FC B9 62 64 96 6F 02 03 01
000000a0: 00 01

Structured DER file content

1:30 81 9F // Type: 30 (SEQUENCE) Length: 0x9F
2:| 30 0D // Type: 30 (SEQUENCE) Length: 0x0D
3:| | 06 09 // Type: 06 (OBJECT_IDENTIFIER) Length: 0x09
4:| | - 2A 86 48 // 9 bytes OID value. HEX encoding of
5:| | - 86 F7 0D // 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1
6:| | - 01 01 01
7:| | 05 00 // Type: 05 (NULL) Length: 0x00
8:| 03 81 8D // Type: 03 (BIT STRING) Length: 0x8D
9:| | - 00 // Number of unused bits in last content byte
10:| | 30 81 89 // Type: 30 (SEQUENCE) Length: 0x89
11:| | | 02 81 81 // Type: 02 (INTEGER) Length: 0x81
12:| | | - 00 // Leading ZERO of integer
13:| | | - D1 14 D5 3E FB DD DA 12 FC F7 71 5F 0B 49 43 FD
14:| | | - 89 BD E2 53 14 FB 4A E7 DD 55 77 20 54 52 BD 33
15:| | | - 70 58 CE FA E8 03 5B 8E FE 96 AB 14 E2 40 05 39
16:| | | - 0D 85 33 CF 3F FE A6 8E B5 36 08 F1 19 27 5C C8
17:| | | - 92 96 92 34 9A EB 86 9A 7F AC D3 0E F6 7C 8B 60
18:| | | - F1 AC F4 C7 DD 06 25 94 3E 61 D6 E6 66 35 A0 3D
19:| | | - 32 7B 89 B2 D2 D1 2C 1C E9 60 1C 2F 00 84 0F 0E
20:| | | - B6 21 EB E8 86 34 6A 05 E6 1F FC B9 62 64 96 6F
21:| | | 02 03 // Type: 02 (INTEGER) Length: 0x3
22:| | | - 01 00 01 // Public Exponent. Hex for 65537

DER file contains Object Identifier, Modulus and Public exponent in HEX format.

Lines 4, 5, 6 is the HEX encoding of OID.
Lines 13 to 20 is the modulus (n).
Line 22 is the public exponent.

You can also have a look at Lapo ASN.1 javascript decoder :

Javascript ASN.1 decoder

Modulus and Public exponent from public key using openssl

# Get Modulus and Public exponent from public PEM file
$ openssl rsa -pubin -inform PEM -text -noout < mypublic.pem

Public-Key: (1024 bit)
Modulus:
00:d1:14:d5:3e:fb:dd:da:12:fc:f7:71:5f:0b:49:
43:fd:89:bd:e2:53:14:fb:4a:e7:dd:55:77:20:54:
52:bd:33:70:58:ce:fa:e8:03:5b:8e:fe:96:ab:14:
e2:40:05:39:0d:85:33:cf:3f:fe:a6:8e:b5:36:08:
f1:19:27:5c:c8:92:96:92:34:9a:eb:86:9a:7f:ac:
d3:0e:f6:7c:8b:60:f1:ac:f4:c7:dd:06:25:94:3e:
61:d6:e6:66:35:a0:3d:32:7b:89:b2:d2:d1:2c:1c:
e9:60:1c:2f:00:84:0f:0e:b6:21:eb:e8:86:34:6a:
05:e6:1f:fc:b9:62:64:96:6f
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)

Exponent and modulus printed by openssl rsa matches with the Public exponent and modulus from DER file content.

More information on recommended syntax for interchanging RSA public keys between implementations is given in Appendix A.1.1 of rfc3447 ( PKCS#1);

RSA key representation

Object Identifier

OID describes the object. It is a series of nodes separated by period.

OID Value: 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1

OID description: Identifier for RSA encryption for use with Public Key Cryptosystem One defined by RSA Inc.

OID Encoding rules:

1 – The first two nodes of the OID are encoded onto a single byte. The first node is multiplied by the decimal 40 and the result is added to the value of the second node.
2 – Node values less than or equal to 127 are encoded on one byte.
3 – Node values greater than or equal to 128 are encoded on multiple bytes. Bit 7 of all bytes except the rightmost byte is set to one. Bits 0 through 6 of each byte contains the encoded value.

OID Encoding Example © Rajesh Bondugula

Representing length in ASN.1 encoding

If number of value bytes is < 128 (0x80) then length is represented in 1 byte. In this case most significant bit is 0. (Ex: Line 2: 0x81=10000001 => 1 octet, Line 3 in structured DER content above)

If number of value bytes is >= 128 (0x80) then length is represented in multiple bytes. Most significant bit (bit 7) of first byte is 1 indicating multiple byte length. Bits 0–6 represent number of subsequent bytes for length. (Ex:  Line 1: 0x82=10000010 => 2 octets, Line 4 in structured DER content above)

References

DER encoding of ASN.1 types (MSDN)
Public Key Info structure (Java doc)

[ajout de août 2021 suite plaintes]

– Mais du coup … tu n’as pas répondu  la question ?
[lm] C’est pas faux, mais si tu révises le fonctionnement de l’encodage base 64, à partir d’un contenu DER qui commence toujours par la même syntaxe:

xxd -r -p <<<30819F | base64
MIGf